2015初中英語語法大全(35)

(8) 過去將來時(shí)  過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(先進(jìn)人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。

②過去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).

③在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭�他搞那個(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來看看書)

④表示純粹的將來時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to(+動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

⑤過去將來時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)

(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)

6、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

(1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是   動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式。

(2)英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)后的by短語有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

 [注]p.p.表示過去分詞。

(1) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

①不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的)

(2)主動(dòng)語態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

(3) 注意點(diǎn)：

①“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)。也可以用直接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)

②“動(dòng)詞+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí))

③“動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)。He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)